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Re: Details on Tugulusaurus



What are the apomorphies of alvarezsaurid caudal vertebrae? The pneumatic openings (shared with oviraptorosaurs and many pygostylians)? (This is not intended as a rhethorical question, I just don't know...)
 
Alvarezsaurid caudal centra lack pleurocoels.
Okay, but pneumatic depressions seem to be present: [ref] p. 144: "The centrum [of the anteriormost preserved caudal, presumably caudal 1] is transversely compressed, [...] and the excavation present laterally on the base of the neural spine coincides with that seen in the last sacral vertebra. [...] The centrum exhibits an elongate excavation laterally." This makes sense considering that oviraptorosaur anterior to mid-caudals as well as those of many extant birds are pneumatized. (True pleurocoels = pneumatic foramina are present on a cervical, depressions like mentioned above on mid-dorsals.)
 
Reference: Fernando E. Novas: Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, JVP 17(1): 137 -- 166 (March 1997)